Decoder design is a research area that focuses on creating efficient and accurate decoding algorithms for various types of communication systems or data processing systems. The main goal of decoder design is to reliably extract the original information from encoded data, which may have been corrupted or altered during transmission or storage. This area typically involves the development of mathematical models, algorithms, and hardware implementations to efficiently perform decoding tasks in real-time applications. Decoder design is essential in many fields such as telecommunications, data compression, error correction, and cryptography. Researchers in this area work on optimizing decoding algorithms to improve data recovery performance, reducing decoding latency, and minimizing computational complexity.